A company is considering opening lockboxes in several cities to reduce the 'float' (lost interest) waiting for
mailed payments. In what cities should lockboxes be opened to minimize lost interest and operating cost?
Each area can send payments to only one city.The interest rate is				6%
Areas concerned
	Northwest	North	Northeast	Southwest	South	Southeast
Daily Payments	$325,000	$475,000	$300,000	$275,000	$385,000	$350,000
Cities to be considered
	Seattle	Chicago	New York	L.A.	Dallas	Miami
Operating cost	$55,000	$50,000	$60,000	$53,000	$58,000	$55,000
Average number of days from mailing to clearing of payment
	Seattle	Chicago	New York	L.A.	Dallas	Miami
Northwest	2	5	5	4	6	8
North	4	2	4	6	6	6
Northeast	5	5	2	8	7	5
Southwest	4	6	8	2	4	5
South	6	6	6	4	2	5
Southeast	8	8	5	5	5	2
Assignments of areas to cities (1=yes, 0=no)
	Seattle	Chicago	New York	L.A.	Dallas	Miami	Total
Northwest	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
North	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northeast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southwest	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
South	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southeast	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lockbox Decision	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lost interest	Seattle	Chicago	New York	L.A.	Dallas	Miami
Northwest	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
North	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
Northeast	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
Southwest	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
South	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
Southeast	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
				Total of Lost Interest		$0
				Operating Cost		$0
				Total Cost		$0
Problem
A company wants to reduce lost interest ('float') due to mail delay, for the payments it receives every day. It is
considering opening lockboxes in 6 different cities. Each lockbox would require a certain amount of money each
year to operate. The company receives payments from the Northwest, the North, the Northeast, the Southwest, the
South and the Southeast. The amounts involved per day are known. Where should the company open lockboxes?
Solution
This model differs from others in the fact that the variables do not represent amounts of money, a number of
products or other such values. This time the variables are decisions. Do we open a lockbox in this city? To what city
should an area send its payments?
It turns out that there is an easy and elegant way to describe such variables in models. We do this by using variables
that can be either 0 or 1. Decision variables like this are often called binary variables. We assign a variable to each
decision and if the decision is yes we give the variable a value 1 and otherwise the value 0.
On this worksheet, we have assigned such variables for the decisions to open lockboxes in the different cities. These
are defined as Lockbox_decisions found in cells B32 through G32.
By laying out the different areas versus the cities, we can also assign 0-1 variables to the decisions whether an area
should send payments to a certain city. On the worksheet these are defined as Assignments, found in cells B25
through G30. By using the properties of the numbers 0 and 1, we can now easily formulate the model.
1) The variables are the decisions where to open lockboxes and the decisions where to send the mail for each area.
These variables are defined in the worksheet as lockbox_decisions and assignments. All these variables are either
0 or 1. (They are binary variables.)
2) We must tell the Solver that the variables can be only 0 or 1. This gives us:
	assignments = binary
	lockbox_decisions = binary
If we do not open a lockbox in a city, we can not have any mail sent to it. These constraints are expressed as follows
	Chicago_boxes <= Chicago_decision
	Dallas_boxes <= Dallas_decision
	LA_boxes <= LA_decision
	Miami_boxes <= Miami_decision
	New_York_boxes <= New_York_decision
	Seattle_boxes <= Seattle_decision
Notice how the usage of 0s and 1s gives us the opportunity to write these constraints this way.
Finally, we assume an area only sends mail to one city. Again, because of the properties of 0 and 1, we can achieve
this by requiring that the sum over the cities of the variables for an area (one row) equals 1. This gives
	assignments_total = 1
3) The objective is to minimize lost interest and operating cost. This is defined in the worksheet as Total_Cost.
This is calculated by adding the operating cost and the lost interest. The operating cost is calculated by multiplying
the decisions to open lockboxes by the cost to operate them. This is again possible because the variables are exactly
0 or 1. The lost interest is similarly calculated.
Remarks
The techniques used in this model are simple but very powerful. Questions that are answered by yes or no, open or
closed, etc. can often be solved by using binary variables.
Notice that the interest in this model is very important for the solution. If interest goes up, it becomes more
profitable to open more lockboxes. If interest is low, it could be more profitable to use fewer lockboxes and accept a
higher float. You can see how the Solver finds different answers by changing the interest rate in cell E4.